PART SIX 
               DEALING WITH INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS
          The more important the decision to be made,           
the less precise are the available           intellectual tools.  
Anonymous. 
     The intellectual tools used in cost-benefit analysis are 
exceedingly well-developed. (See Part I.)  But when we shift our 
attention to a managerial context broader than the evaluation of 
a specified set of alternatives, the analytic management 
techniques available to us appear less neat and more vague.  
     Indeed, many of the techniques discussed here in Part Six 
seem to be little more than common sense -- for example, the 
making of lists, and the consideration of factors which anyone 
might discover for her/himself.  In actuality, however, it is not 
so easy to discover these important principles by yourself even 
though they may seem obvious after they are presented to you.  
Indeed, the schema offered here have taken thousands of years to 
develop, and all of them have advanced greatly in recent decades.  
     There are also a few well-worked-out and scientifically-
tested management techniques, such as the tit-for-tat mode of 
producing cooperation.  And there exists a tested body of 
knowledge about which kinds of organizational structures work 
best for systems as large as an economy.  But these areas of 
solid knowledge are small islands rather than large continents of 
thought. 
     One of the most interesting and challenging issues in 
management is deciding when it is best to design a system, and 
when it is best to let a system evolve.  Even in a very small 
group such as a marriage, it is sometimes best to let practices 
evolve rather than plan them -- for example, the household 
division of labor between husband and wife may be affected by 
planning from time to time, but seems to evolve in many or most 
cases.  Yet it seems natural to design such systems planfully.  
In the case of government systems, voters often demand it, though 
it may be counter-productive.  An interesting dilemma. 
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